Top 10 Science Model Design & Concept

1.BIOGAS PLANT

INTRODUCTION

Top 10 Science Model Design & Concept Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source and in many cases exerts a very small carbon footprint. Biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation biodegradable materials. Biogas is primarily methane and carbon dioxide and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas can be compressed, the same way natural gases compressed to CNG and used to power motor vehicles. In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel. It qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the world. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. Organic material grows, is converted and used, and then regrows in a continually repeating cycle. From a carbon perspective, as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource as is released when the material is ultimately converted to energy.

NEED

The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.

ADVANTAGE

  • It is an eco-friendly fuel.
  • The required raw materials for biogas production are available abundantly in villages.
  • It not only produces biogas but also gives us nutrient-rich slurry that can be used for crop production.
  • It prevents the health hazards of smoke in poorly ventilated rural households that use dung cake and firewood for cooking.
  • It helps to keep the environment clean, as there would be no open heap of dung or other waste materials that attract flies, insects and infections.
  • Availability of biogas would reduce the use of firewood and hence trees could be saved.

2.AGRICULTURE DRONE

INTRODUCTION

Agricultural drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle used to help optimize agriculture operations, increase crop production, and monitor crop growth. Sensors and digital imaging capabilities can give farmers a richer picture of their fields. Using an agriculture drone and gathering information from it may prove useful in improving crop yields and farm efficiency. The aerial view provided by a drone can reveal many issues such as irrigation problems, soil variation, and pest and fungal infestations. Multispectral images show a near-
infrared view as well as a visual spectrum view. The combination shows the farmer the differences between healthy and unhealthy plants, a difference not always clearly visible to the human eye. Thus, these views can assist in assessing crop growth and production. Crops can be surveyed at any time using agricultural drones, allowing for rapid identification of problems.

ADVANTAGE

Drones can help farmers to optimize the use of inputs (seed, fertilizers, water), to react more quickly to threats (weeds, pests, fungi), to save time crop scouting (validate treatment/actions taken), to improve variable-rate prescriptions in real time and estimate yield from a field.

  • They can save lives.
  • . They can support law enforcement.
  • They can contribute to safe infrastructure maintenance and management.
  • They can streamline agriculture management.
  • They can give media access to hard-to-reach places.
  • They can give media access to hard-to-reach places.
  • Plan for the future.
  • Generate precision orthomosaic maps for better crop planning and land management.

Crop Dusting

  • To maintain fields, crops repair proper fertilization and pesticide application.
  • Manually driving, a vehicle through the fields to spray or crop dust by manned airplane to spray are methods of the past.

3.PERISCOPE

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Periscope, optical instrument used in land and sea warfare, submarine navigation, and elsewhere to enable an observer to
see his surroundings while remaining under cover, behind armour, or submerged. A periscope includes two mirrors or reflecting prisms to change the direction of the light coming from the scene observed: the first deflects. it down through a vertical tube, the second diverts it horizontally so that the scene can be viewed conveniently. Frequently there is a what is a periscope draw the diagram and explain how can we see the object which are above our eye – Science – Light – 12324190 telescopic optical system that provides magnification, gives as wide an arc of vision as possible, and includes a cross line or reticle pattern to establish the line of sight to the object under observation. There may also be devices for estimating the range and course of the target in military applications and for photographing through the periscope. The simplest type of periscope consists of a tube at the ends of which are two mirrors, parallel to each other but at 45° to the axis of the tube. This device produces no magnification and does not give a cross line image. The arc of vision is limited by the simple geometry of the tube: the longer or narrower the tube, the smaller the field of view. Periscopes of this type were widely used in World War II in tanks and other armoured vehicles as observation devices for the driver, gunner, and commander. When fitted with a small, auxiliary gun sight telescope, the tank periscope can also be used in pointing and firing
the guns. By employing tubes of rectangular cross section, wide, horizontal fields of view can be obtained.

Types and Uses Of Periscope

Simple periscope

  • In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end.
  • . Set parallel to each other at a 45degree angle.
  • . This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purpose in the trenches during world war 1.

complex periscope

  • In complex periscope, prisms are used instead of mirrors.
  • Advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors to provide magnification.
  • Operate on submarine and in various fields of science.

4. SOLAR POWER

INTRODUCTION

Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. As the cost of solar electricity has fallen, the number of grid- connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and gigawatt- scale photovoltaic power stations are being built. Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive, low-carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun. The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka, India with a generation capacity of 2050 MW. Solar Power System Types: Equipment, Cost, Pro’s & Cons The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its “high renewables” scenario, by 2050, solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent, respectively, of worldwide electricity consumption, and solar would be the world’s largest source of electricity. Most solar installations would be in China and India. In 2019, solar power generated 2.7% of the world’s electricity, growing over 24% from the previous year. As of October 2020, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility-scale solar power is around $36/MWH.

How Does Solar Power Work

The most common way of harnessing energy from the sun is through photovoltaic (PV) panels – those large, mirror-like panels you.ve likely seen on rooftops, handheld solar devices, and even space crafts. These panels operate as conductors, taking in the sun.s rays, heating up, and creating energy (and electricity). On a larger scale, solar thermal power plants also harness the power of the
un to create energy. These plants utilize the sun.s heat to boil water and, in turn, power steam turbines. These plants can supply power to thousands of people. There are other ways we harness solar power. Read more about these various methods utilized today here via National Geographic.

ADVANTAGE

  • Solar power is pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation.
  • Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels.
  • Return on investment unlike paying for utility bills.
  • Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years.
  • Safer than traditional electric current.
  • Use batteries to store extra power for use at night.

5. RAINWATER HARVESTING

INTRODUCTION

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the collection and storage of rain, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a tank, cistern, deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), aquifer, or a reservoir with percolation, so that it seeps down and restores the ground water. Dew and fog can also be collected with nets or other tools. Rainwater harvesting differs from storm water harvesting as the runoff is collected from roofs, rather than creeks, drains, roads, or any other land surfaces. Its uses include watering gardens, livestock irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can
also be committed to longer-term storage or groundwater recharge. Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self- supply of water for households, and residential and household-scale projects, usually financed by the user. However, larger systems for schools, hospitals, and other facilities can run up costs only able to be financed by owners, organizations, and governmental units.

NEED

Major parts of our country have been facing continuous failure of monsoon and consequence deficit of rainfall over the last few years. Also, due to ever increasing population of India, the use of ground water has increased drastically leading to constant depletion of ground water has level causing the wells and tube wells to dry up.

COMPONENTS
1) CATCHMENT
2) DELIVERY
3) STORAGE

ADVANTAGES

Wind power generation using wind energy: Systems & Solutions:Renewable Energy | TOSHIBA ENERGY SYSTEMS & SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

  • Rainwater harvesting provides a good supplement to other water sources thus reliving pressure on other water sources.
  • It can supply as buffer and can be used in its times of emergency or breakdown of public water supply systems.
  • It is a flexible technology and can be built to require meets of any range.

6. WIND POWER

INTRODUCTION

Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide mechanical power through wind turbines to turn electric generators for electrical power. Wind power is a popular sustainable, renewable energy source that has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels. In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy technology.


PROCEDURE


Wind power generation means getting the electrical energy by converting wind energy into rotating energy of the blades and converting that rotating energy into electrical energy by the generator. Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed, therefore WTGs should be installed in the higher wind speed area. We are working in partnership with wind turbine manufacturers to sell wind turbines and construct power plants using our sales network. We also keep developing electronic devices including controlling systems with our knowledge and technologies cultivated from thermal and hydraulic power plant designing and manufacturing technologies while are involved in the wind power generation business on our own. With a strength of standing on both sides, manufacturer and user, we offer solutions to meet customer needs in many different situations.

HOW MUCH POWER IS IN WIND POWER

The power available in the wind power, can be found from the following equation: P=1\2ApV^3

Where “ p” is the density of the air, “A” is the capture area, and “ V ” is the speed.

ADVANTAGE

  • Wind power is cost-effective.
  • Wind creates jobs.
  • Wind enables U.S. industry growth and U.S. competitiveness.
  • It’s a clean fuel source.
  • Wind turbines can be built on existing farms or ranches.

7. INTERNET

. INTRODUCTION

The Internet is a worldwide network of computer networks that connects university, government, commercial, and other computers in over 150 countries. There are thousands of networks, tens of thousands of computers, and millions of Internet Of Things Is Not About Chasing The Cool Factor users on the Internet, with the numbers expanding daily. Using the Internet, you can send electronic mail, chat with colleagues around the world, and obtain information on a wide variety of subjects.

INTERNET PROGRAMING

The internet is a globally connected system that uses TCP/IP to transmit data via various types of media. The internet is a network of global exchanges- including private, public, business, academic and government networks- connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies.

ADVANTAGE

  • Information, knowledge, and learning.
  • Connectivity, communication, and sharing.
  • Address, mapping, and contact information.
  • Banking, bills, and shopping.
  • Selling and making money.
  • Collaboration, work from home, and access to a global workforce.
  • Donations and funding.
  • Entertainment.

8. AREOPLANE

INTRODUCTION

An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne- kilo meter of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world’s cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled such as drones.

IMPORTANCE

Airplanes are indeed a great invention to the world as a whole. First of all, airplanes have played an important role in the social life of so many people. After this marvellous invention, people became more socially interactive. They have been able to explore the world and travel to so many places.

ADVANTAGE

  • High Speed. Air is the type of freight capable of traveling long distances in short periods of time.
  • Fast Service.
  • Send almost everywhere your freight.
  • High Standard of Security.

9. ELECTRICITY

INTRODUCTION

Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of atoms, which have a center called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons. The negative charge of an electron is equal to the positive charge of a proton, and the number of electrons in an atom is usually equal to the number of protons.

Importance in our life of Electricity

Electricity is one of the most important blessings that science has given to mankind. It has also become a part of modern life and one cannot think of a world without it. Electricity has many uses in our day to day life. It is used for lighting rooms, working fans and domestic appliances like using electric stoves, A/C and more. All these provide comfort to people. In factories, large machines are worked with the help of electricity. Essential items like food, cloth, paper and many other things are the product of electricity.

ADVANTAGE

  • Creates no pollution.
  • Once dam is built its lasts forever.
  • Very reliable.
  • Can generate constant electricity.
  • Require very little maintenance.

10. SMART PHONE

INTRODUCTION

The development of the smartphone was enabled by several key technological advances. The exponential scaling and miniaturization of MOSFETs (MOS transistors) down to sub-micron levels during the 1990s–2000s (as predicted by Moore’s law) made it possible to build portable smart devices such as smartphones, as well as enabling the transition from analog to faster digital wireless mobile networks (leading to Edholm’s law). Other important enabling factors include the lithium-ion battery, an indispensable energy source enabling
long battery life, invented in the 1980s and commercialized in 1991, and the development of more mature software platforms that allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers.

Importance Of Smart Phone In Our Life

Smartphones are so important these days due to the connectivity they provide. This isn’t just improvements in phone calls and text messaging. Through your smartphone, you can access Facebook and other social networking sites with ease. Besides this you also have an array of new and advanced connection services.

ADVANTAGE

  • Instant Communication. Smartphones evolved from the earliest communication device.
  • Web Surfing. The smartphones also make it convenient for people to surf the web.
  • Camera. In this “selfie” generation, the camera is so important.
  • Entertainment.
  • Education.
  • Productivity Apps.
  • GPS.
  • Privacy.



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